The Ultimate Collection of Chemistry Resources

Chemistry has been around for centuries. There is evidence that Ancient Egypt used chemistry nearly 4,000 years ago. Chemistry, as a physical science, focuses on areas of matter, specifically the organization, structure, and actions of matter. There are several disciplines of chemistry and as history progress so do the studies and the influences of chemistry in society.

Acids, Bases & Buffers

Classifying compounds is established by what occurs when acids and bases are placed in water. The strength of the occurrence varies and changes the pH of the solution. When these compounds consist of weak acid and its conjugated base its known as a buffer. These resources will show a variety of buffer solutions.

Acids, Base Balance: Slide show with PowerPoint download presentations exploring acid, base and buffer systems.

Acids, Bases and pH: A lesson defining acids, bases, and explaining the pH scale. Included is an animation of a proton exchange.

Acids, Bases and Buffers: A chapter review of basic chemistry acids, bases, and buffers.

Atomic Theory

The atomic theory has gone through revisions since it's founding in ancient Greece, when the theory stated that there existed indivisible units known as atoms making up matter. In the late 1800's it was discovered that theses units were comprised up of smaller particles. In the modern atomic theory, the units in matter are indivisible periodically. It was John Dalton who developed the atomic theory that is utilized in today's science.

Dalton's Atomic Theory: A summary of the development Dalton's atomic theory.

Atomic Theory: The atomic theory explored from 400 B.C. to 1924 explaining and visually describing the methods and properties behind the atomic theory.

Modern Atomic Theory: A look into Neil Bohr's planetary model of the atom impact on the atomic theory.

Bonding

Chemical bonding is the process of atoms, or molecules, combing to form chemical compounds. The process is initiated by electromagnetic force. There are three major chemical bonds, each with specific strengths.

Chemical Bonding: An explicit description of chemical bonding and it place in chemistry, concepts, and activities to increase understanding of the process.

Hydrogen Bonding: Explanation and comparisons of a hydrogen atom interacting with an electronegative atom, known as hydrogen bonding.

Ionic Bonding: Observations explaining the process of ionic bonding.

Carbon Chemistry

Carbon chemistry is scientifically known as organic chemistry and addresses the formation of carbon compounds. The carbon element is the sixth most prevalent element and the compound is the source of all life development. It is the source or the foundation of living organisms making it incredibly essential to the development of chemicals, foods, and medicine.

The Chemistry of Carbon: Describes the property, construction, and reaction of hydrocarbons.

Carbon Chemistry Concepts: An interactive diagram of carbon concepts.

Organic Chemistry: The study of organic carbon compound properties is explained in entirety.

Chemistry Journals

Chemical journals provide research, reviews, and scientific advancements. Chemistry journals are not just for the chemist of today, but also for the chemist of tomorrow. Journals probe research and advancements to transform medicine, the environment, and physics. The following journals focus on chemistry in general, medicine, and clinical chemistry.

New Journal of Chemistry: The journal publishes research and opinion articles of diverse and emerging chemistry disciplines.

Journal of Medicine Chemistry: View articles dated back to 1959 that explore the connection of linking molecular construction and biological action.

Clinical Chemistry: A monthly peer reviewed journal of research and groundbreaking techniques, processes, and analyses of clinical chemistry.

Chemistry Tools

Having the proper equipment in the lab is necessary for proper evaluating properties and chemical interaction. Safety is part of the process of successfully utilizing tools. Chemists require basic tools in laboratory function. Certain tools are more vital depending on the research or project being performed.

Lab Equipment - A list of the most frequent chemistry tools uses.

Safety Equipment: Visual and explanation of use of common safety equipment in most chemistry labs.

The Organic Lab- A safety and chemistry tool guide that can be utilized in lab.

Course Outlines

Researching chemistry courses and description of educational styles? Focusing on a main discipline of chemistry? Compare perquisites and course descriptions to determine how to prepare or to help choose a discipline of study. Listed are a few different course descriptions.

Chemistry Lesson Plans: Provides mini-lessons about a variety of subjects within chemistry.

Chemistry Lessons for Students: Incorporate a variety of different chemistry lessons into your science curriculum.

Organic Chemistry Lesson Plans: Lesson plans that address a variety of different learning levels.

Energy & Entropy

The Second law of thermodynamics consists of an essential process known as entropy. Entropy provides a snapshot of the evolution of a system. These thermodynamics transmit energy and this energy is known as thermal energy. The conversion of this energy is converted into other forms of energy.

What is Energy?: Defines energy and describes the two forms of energy.

Entropy and Energy: A concise explanation of energy and entropy.

Unavailable Energy: Notes explaining equations of entropy and unavailable energy.

Entropy and Information Theory: Explore 313 pages of scientific research of information sources and entropy.

Environmental Chemistry

Environmental chemistry is the examination of chemical and biochemical occurrences in nature. The use of this form of chemistry provides understanding of interactions within the atmosphere, soil and water. Environmental chemists focus on effects, reactions, and solutions of chemical activity among all environments including human activity. Environmental chemistry allows for solutions to chemical based environmental issues.

What is it? Defines environmental chemistry and provides in-depth data, models, solutions, and case studies.

Environmental Chemistry: A slide show explaining what environmental chemistry is and the history behind it.

Chemistry of Earths Atmosphere: Shows the compound that play role in environmental chemistry.

Electron Configuration

The assembly of electrons in physical compositions such as atoms or molecules is known as electron configuration. It shows how electrons are allocated amid energy intensity and orbital levels. In the following resources examples of electron configurations are given. Also tables are provided with instructions on how to read the table.

Quantum Numbers and Electron Configurations: Illustrates the combinations of quantum numbers, solutions of electron configurations, and provide a table of the electron configurations of elements.

Electron Configuration: Explains the quantum number used to describe the configuration of an electron. 

The Configuration: Construct your own electron configurations with this applet.

Equations & Stoichiometry

Writing chemical equations is absolutely necessary to illustrate chemistry in action. Balanced equations include products and reactants; the relationship of the two is known as stoichiometry. Stoichiometry is the math foundation of chemistry. Examples of chemical and stoichiometry equations are provided in the resources along with solutions for the most common balanced equations.

Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry: The basics of chemical equations and stoichiometry are explained.

Types of Equations: The article is aimed to guide students in writing and balancing equations and predict solutions for organic reactions.

Stoichiometry of Chemical Equations: A chemical reaction java applet that provides input for incorrect answers.

Stoichiometry: Defines stoichiometry and explains the importance of studying stoichiometry.

Equilibrium

The concept of equilibrium impacts the study of mathematics in examining the universe. The state of equilibrium is rare. When a state of stability or balance occurs it is only for a brief moment. There are many forms of equilibrium and the resources below indulge in three of those forms.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium: Interactive applet of a sequence of experiments.

Rotational Equilibrium: Brief definitions and example equations of rotational and linear state equilibrium.

Chemical Equilibrium: Interactive applets of exercises reproducing gaseous reaction.

Formulas

The product of a composition compound shown through an arrangement of elemental symbols and subscript numbers is a chemical formula. Ions, molecules, and atoms are important units within formulas. One must differentiate between molecular and ionic compound to effectively write these types of formulas. These formulas express information on atoms allowing chemical formulas to be used in chemical equations.

Chemical Formulas- Concentrates on chemical formulas and the names of ionic compounds.

Chemical Names and Formulas: Outline of using the periodic table to write formulas. 

Formulas: A slide show of chemical formulas.

History

The history of chemistry is more than formulas, equations, beakers, and unexplainable universe experiences. Ancient civilizations are an increment beginning of chemistry, influencing scientists and experiments throughout time. The world's understanding of chemistry has grown from the time of alchemy, industrial chemistry, to chemistry, as we know today. Chemist of yesterday have uncovered chemical elements, inventions, and experiments that promote today's chemist understanding of chemistry,

History of Chemistry: A chronological timeline history of chemistry.

Scientist and Experiments: An index of scientists and experiments of chemistry through out history.

Explore Chemical History: The story of chemistry through ancient times up to current times.

Labs & Safety

Safety can never be under estimated in the lab. Understanding the environment of the lab in which experiments and research takes place is vital to discovery and maintaining quality of the work. The nature of the lab expects respect of equipment and the environment. Without lab safety there is no foundation for students or chemist to perform to excellence. 

Chemistry Laboratory: General safety requirements in any basic laboratory.

Safety Manual: A safety manual for the Duke chemistry laboratory that can be implemented in any environment.

Lab Safety Tutorial: An interactive tutorial designed and developed for students to better their understanding of safety in the lab.

Mole

Amadeo Avogadro is the physics professor behind the number of objects in one mole. History has allowed advancement in the mole concept by scientist such as Stanislao Cannizzaro, and Johann Josef Loschmidt. The concept of the mole is a reference to numbers of atoms and molecules. Using the mole to identify the number of molecules is an uncomplicated form compared to referring to trillions or quadrillions of molecules.

The Mole Concept: Frequently asked questions about the mole concept answered.

The Mole: The mole defined, explained, and illustrated.

Mole Concept: The mole concept broken down with calculations, compounds, and elements.

Molecular Shape

The structure of molecules is a three-dimensional assembly of atoms that compose a molecule. Molecular structure establishes properties such as reactivity, polarity, and biological movement. To construct or predict the shape of a molecule one must illustrate the Lewis Structure of the molecule. The resources illustrate shapes and formulas using the Lewis Structure and VSPER module.

The Shape of Molecules: Illustrates the shape of molecules.

Molecular Shape and Structure: Concepts, modules, examples and solutions of molecular formulas.

Molecular Shapes: VSPER module of basic molecular shapes and formulas that represent that shape.

Nuclear Power

Nuclear Power is an emission-free energy that produces no controlled air pollutants, but produces speculations with radioactive waste, possibility of terrorist attacks, and the scarceness of Uranium. Debate over nuclear power has existed for years despite the advantages of the low carbon dioxide produced, ability of technology, and amounts of electrical energy produced from one single plant. The debate of the future of nuclear power can be explored further through citation of scientists and educators.

The Future of Nuclear Power: A MIT study exploring the future of nuclear power with downloadable PDF's.

 The Risk: Bernard L. Cohen points out the risks of nuclear power.

More About Nuclear Energy: Frequently asked questions about the advancements of nuclear energy.          

Oxidation/Reduction

The chemical reaction of an atom oxidation state changed is the process of oxidation-reduction. Its an reversible chemical action one being oxidation and the reverse reduction. Oxidation refers to the oxidation number of the atom becomes greater. Reduction is the other spectrum occurring when the oxidation number becomes lesser.

Oxidation/Reduction: An explicit tutorial guide with five in-depth parts explaining oxidation-reduction.

A Review: A chemistry tutorial covering oxidation-reduction equations.

Redox Reactions: Formula information for oxidation-reduction reactions.

Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize has been awarded in chemistry since 1901. . It is an annual award that recognizes excellence in contributions in chemistry, other academics, and peace efforts as well. The first chemist Nobel Prize winner was Jacobus H. van 't Hoff. Those chemists who have been honored with Nobel Prize receive a medal, diploma, and cash award. These laureates influence chemistry research and the broaden the world understanding of chemistry,

A Nobel Legacy- A Harvard guide to chemist laureates attending Harvard.

Noble Laureates in Chemistry- A list of all the Nobel Laureates in chemistry.

Periodic Table

Evaluate and organize chemical elements properties using the periodic table of elements. The table consists of 118 elements. The following tables offer diverse characteristics to provide a fun, traditional or unique way to learn about chemical elements. These tables are unique in approach, but still offer equal edification of chemical behavior.

Periodic Table of Comic Books: Its more than your favorite comic book character, it's the elements in pure character.

Periodic Table: Click on an element to view its properties.

Periodic Table of Elements: This resource for all students provides history, sources, properties, and uses of elements.

Projects

Chemistry involves several branches of studies. All areas of chemistry focus on the chemical reactions of matter. Whether professional or educational, chemistry projects promote an understanding and enlighten society and individuals with its scientific conclusion. The role of chemistry in matter can be identified more clearly through projects and research.

Home Experiments: Chemistry experiments that can be conducted at home.

Chemistry Projects: A look into a magnetic molecule project conducted by Ames Laboratory.

Atmospheric Chemistry: The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry organizations collaborate research and projects conducted by scientist worldwide.

Publications

Chemistry publications are another resource to gaining knowledge into past and current chemistry research. Educational institutes, non-profit organizations, and government associations provide reports and input in publications that make them even more credible. Chemistry publications are written for various chemistry disciplines. The following are two-publication focus on chemistry instruments and analytical chemistry.

National Science Publications: Downloadable PDF publication on instrument development in chemistry.

Analytical Chemistry: Past and present journal articles and government published reports on the study of chemical composition of natural and artificial material.

States of Matter

There are three basic states of matter: gas, liquids, and solid. These amounts can change depending on the expectations of research, education curriculum, or the experiment. Those three basics can be joined with other states of matter such as plasmas and Bose Einstein condensates. These states are known as phases that respond to physical force and change due to physical force.

 States of Matter: Interactive module stimulator of molecules changing into gas, liquid, or solid.

The States of Matter: This module focuses on seven aspects of the state matter.

Solutions: Illustrates the solutions that represent states of matter.

Solutions & Solubility

Solution is a combination of materials consisting typically of a solvent. The solvent is combined with a solute. Many solutions are very common such as a brine of sugar, salt and water. Then there is solubility it measures the dissolvability of the solute in the solvent. Temperature and the concentration of the solution affect the solubility. Apply the rules of solubility to compare a series of compounds.

Solubility Rules- The basic rules of compound solubility.

Chemical Equilibrium--Solubility: An instructional lesson on the involvement of equilibrium in solubility. Equations are illustrated and explained to determine solutions.

Solutions: A solution page on the various types of solutions such as percent, molar, normal, concentrated solutions, saturates, and solutions from solution and titrations.